Locational Accuracy

Angels of locational accuracy

Satellite navigation system consist of satellites that provide spatial positioning and enables hand held devices to determine accurate position using time signal

Current global satellite navigation systems

    Global positioning system (GPS) :

    the most utilised system .consist of up to 32 medium orbit satellites. Operational            since 1978 and globally available since 1994

    GLONASS (Global navigation satellite system ) :

   consists of 24 satellite ,operated by Russian aerospace defence forces

   DORIS ( Doppler orbitography and radio positioning integrated by satellite )

   French precision navigation system based on static emitting station around the world.    Limited in uses and coverage. used with other global navigation satellite system           (GNSS)

Navigation system under development

          Galileo

           To be managed and operated by the European union (EU) and European space              agency (ESA)

         BeiDou

          Managed by china .currently functional in Asia pacific as a  16 satellite system

India and its satellite navigation plan

             India has a two pronged satellite navigation Sat Nav plan

           GAGAN

           GPS aided geo augmented navigation

           IRNSS

            Its full form is  Indian regional navigation satellite system

            It is a 7 satellite navigation system.   In this Indian space agency ISRO have already established 4 satellite in orbit ,and by march 2016 all satellite will be in orbit and by mid . 2016.

#news

Yangtze / Chang Jiang The longest river of Asia

Yangtze / Chang Jiang  The longest river of Asia

Yangtze or Chang Jiang, river in China, the longest river of Asia and the third longest river in the world. The Yangtze flows a total distance of 6,300 km , from the glaciers on the Quenghai  Tibetan Plateau  in the west to the East China Sea in the east at Shanghai .

 , forming China’s principal navigable waterway and a natural boundary between what is traditionally considered northern and southern China.

The river is longest in world to flow entirely with in one country .

The three gorges dam on the Yangtze river is the largest hydroelectric power ( generating capacity 22500 MW) station in world  .

 #geo

Volga The longest river in Europe

Volga  The longest river in Europe

Volga, river in western Russia, longest and one of the most important rivers of Europe. The Volga River rises northwest of Moscow in the Valday Hills and flows 3,700 km to the southeast before emptying into the Caspian Sea near the city of Astrakhan . It is navigable for about 3200 km  and large numbers of ships ply its waters with freight and passengers. The Volga is fed by more than 200 tributaries (about 70 of which are navigable), including the Kama, Samara, Oka, and Vetluga. Together, the Volga and its tributaries occupy a watershed covering about 1,450,000 sq. km  or about 40 percent of European Russia.

#geo

Danube River

Danube River

Danube is second longest river in Europe, it is longest river in European union region, and one of the principal transportation arteries on the continent. It is the only major European river to flow from west to east. It rises in the Black Forest region of Germany and flows in a generally easterly direction for a distance of about 2850 km, emptying, on the Romanian coast, into the Black Sea. The delta of the Danube is a region of desolate marshes and swamps, broken by tree-covered elevations. The Danube is navigable by ocean vessels to Brăila, Romania, and by river craft as far as Ulm in Germany, a distance of 2,600 km. About 60 of the approximately 300 tributaries of the Danube are navigable. The principal ones, in the order in which they merge with the Danube, include the Lech, Isar, Inn, Morava, Váh, Raab (Rába), Drava (Drau), Tisza, Sava, Siret, and Prut.

The Danube basin, more than 777,000 sq. km in area, includes parts of Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia and Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine. Important cities on the river include Ulm, Regensburg, and Passau, in Germany; Linz and Vienna, in Austria; Bratislava, Slovakia; Budapest, Hungary; Belgrade, Serbia; and Galaţi and Brăila, in Romania. Canals link the Danube to the Main, Rhine, and Odra (Oder) rivers, providing a commercial route between the Black and North seas. The Danube Valley between Linz and Vienna, Austria, is noted for its beautiful scenery.

#geography

Mekong River

Mekong River

Mekong  river in south eastern Asia, the longest river in the region. From its source in China's Qinghai Province near the border with Tibet, the Mekong flows generally southeast to the South China Sea . The Mekong crosses Yunnan Province, China, forms the border between Myanmar and Laos and most of the border between Laos and Thailand, and flows across Cambodia and southern Vietnam, emptying into the South China Sea. In the upper course are steep descents and swift rapids, but the river is navigable south of Louangphrabang, Laos.

Six countries that share Mekong are China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand ,Cambodia, and Vietnam  

Mekong is worlds 12 longest river and the 7th longest in Asia

# Geography

Lake Victoria

Lake Victoria

Lake Victoria is worlds second largest fresh water lake after lake superior

Lake is situated in east central Africa . Bordered  by Uganda ,Kenya and Tanzania .

It is source of Nile river , it is drained by Nile river 

# geography

Nile River

Nile River

Nile river flows in north eastern Africa

It is longest river in the world

The Nile flows from south to north from its source

Principle source is lake Victoria

It passes through Uganda, Sudan, and Egypt on its way to Mediterranean sea 

Rhine River

Rhine River

Rhine River is one of the principal rivers of Europe. Rising in eastern Switzerland, the Rhine flows 1,320 km in a generally north western direction through or adjoining Austria, Liechtenstein, France, Germany, and the Netherlands, to its mouth on the North Sea. It is formed high in the Swiss Alps by the Vorderrhein and the Hinterrhein, which join near the town of Chur..

 Its major tributaries are the Aare (Aar), Neckar, Main, Lahn, Ill, Mosel, Ruhr, and Lippe.

Because of the huge volume of freight and number of passengers carried on it, the Rhine is one of the most important commercial inland waterways in the world.

The river has historic importance

Countries effecting consist Austria, Liechtenstein, France, Germany, and the Netherlands

# Competitive exam

Online Market ,The modern Market

Online market

As the mobile and communication technology is advancing, the cost of smart phones taking place of ordinary phones. Now more and more people have access of internet and computer .due to government initiative and several programs net availability is increasing among people .As the online availability is increasing a new market is boosting i.e. online marketing , there are several players in the market of online shopping. Some online firms have turn over more than several big industries .  online market is also evolving as big finance activities

what is the reason behind so fast growth of online marketing ?

1.I think the increasing user of smart phones and purchasing capacity is main cause but it is fact online stores is like a market in your hand and as like you are always in market and you shop more than before.

2. Online stores gives so many discounts and thus the stuff you buying is cheaper than that in the conventional market.

3. Home delivery, people have not to go anywhere and product came at your door step

It is clear that the coming time online market is going to increase further and it will benefit people a lot.

 Now a day some online super market is also in the market . online market is very good idea but we have to be alert also because some time the stuff came at your doorstep is different from what you buy so be alert and enjoy shopping

Green Highway policy 2015

Objectives  of green highways (plantation, Transplantation, Beautification and maintenance) policy 2015

 1.To evolve a policy framework for plantation along National Highways.

2.To reduce the impact of air pollution and dust as trees and shrubs are known to be natural sink for air pollutants.

3.To provide much needed shade on glaring hot roads during summer.

4.To reduce the impact of ever increasing noise pollution caused due to increase in number of vehicles.

5.To arrest soil erosion at the embankment slopes.

6.To prevent glare from the headlight of incoming vehicles.

7.To moderate the effect of wind and incoming radiation.

8.To create employment opportunities for local people.

Green Highway policy 2015 is aimed at regain vegetation wealth of country and fulfill loss of vegetation because of highway construction.

# competion

Initiative taken by NITI AYOG

New initiative

Initiative taken by Niti Ayog

1.Self-Employment and Talent Utilisation (SETU)

The government has established a mechanism to be known as SETU (Self-Employment and Talent Utilisation) under Niti Ayog .SETU will be a techno financial, incubation and facilitation program to support all aspect of start-up businesses and other self-employment activities, particularly in techno driven areas.

2. Atal Innovation Mission

The Atal innovation Mission (AIM) is being set up under NITI AYOG. The Atal innovation Mission (AIM) will be a innovation promotion platform involving academics, entrepreneurs and researchers drawing upon national and international experiences to foster a culture of innovation, R & D in India. The platform will also promote a network of world class innovation 

from NITI AYOG web site

# competition preparation

Top ten most populous countries in world

Top ten most populous countries in world

1.China

2 .India

3. United states

4. Indonesia

5. Brazil

6. Pakistan

7. Nigeria

8. Bangladesh

9. Russia

10. Japan

Indian Council of Agriculture Research institutes

# competition Preparation

National Research Center of Indian Council of Agriculture Research

Indian Council Of Agriculture Research

National Research Centre 

#Competition Preparation

Institutes Of Agricultural Importance

Indian Council Of Agriculture Research

Institutes of Agricultural Importance :--

Institutions 61

1. ICAR – Central Island Agricultural Research Institute , Port Blair

2. ICAR – Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur

3. ICAR – Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar

4. ICAR – Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore

5. ICAR – Central Institute Brackish water Aquaculture, Chennai

6. ICAR – Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hissar

7. ICAR – Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom

8. ICAR – Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal

9. ICAR – Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner

10. ICAR – Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur

11. ICAR – Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin

12. ICAR – Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubneshwar

13. ICAR - Central Institute of Research on Cotton Technology, Mumbai

14. ICAR - Central Institute of Sub Tropical Horticulture, Lucknow

15. ICAR – Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar

16. ICAR – Central Institute on Post harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana

17. ICAR – Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi

18. ICAR – Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasargod

19. ICAR – Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla

20. ICAR – Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore

21. ICAR – Central Research Institute of Dry land Agriculture, Hyderabad

22. ICAR – Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack

23. ICAR – Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan

24. ICAR – Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Dehradun

25. ICAR – Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal

26. ICAR – Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry

27. ICAR – Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Trivandrum

28. ICAR – ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna

29. ICAR – ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Barapani

30. ICAR – Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Ela, Old Goa, Goa

31. ICAR – Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi

32. ICAR – Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi

33. ICAR – Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Ranchi

34. ICAR – Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru

35. ICAR – Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi

36. ICAR – Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur

37. ICAR – Indian Institute of Soil Sciences, Bhopal

38. ICAR – Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut

39. ICAR – Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow

40. ICAR – Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi

41. ICAR – National Academy of Agricultural Research & Management, Hyderabad

42. ICAR – National Institute of Biotic Stresses Management, Raipur

43. ICAR – National Institue of Abiotic Stress Management, Malegaon, Maharashtra

44. ICAR – National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru

45. ICAR – National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre Technology, Kolkata

46. ICAR – National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Hebbal, Bengaluru

47. ICAR – Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore

48. ICAR – Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora

49. ICAR – Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh

50. ICAR – National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal

51. ICAR – Indian Institute of Maize Research,New Delhi

52. ICAR – Central Agro forestry Research Institute , Jhansi

53. ICAR – National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi

54. ICAR – Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal

55. ICAR – Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram

56. ICAR – Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad

57. ICAR – Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad

58. ICAR – Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godawari

59. ICAR – Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneshwar

60. ICAR – Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneshwar

61. ICAR – Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur

# Competition Preparation 

Deemed universities of ICAR

 I C A R  -- Indian Council Of Agriculture Research

ICAR deemed universities

There are 4 deemed universities of ICAR

ICAR – Indian Agriculture Research Institute ,New Delhi

ICAR –  Indian Veterinary Research Institute , Izatnagar

ICAR – National Dairy Reasearch Institute , Karnal

ICAR – Central Institute on Fisheries Education ,Mumbai 

#Exam preparation

Krishna River

Krishna River

The Krishna river is the forth longest river which flows entirely in India ,after  the Ganga  , Godavari  and Narmada . The river is also known as Krishna veni .

Krishna  (river, India)  or  Kistna , river is situated  in southern India , rising in the Western Ghats in Maharastra  State at Mahabaleswar . It flows  generally east for 1,300 km (810 mi) before emptying into the Bay of  Bengal  near False  Divi  Point (Near koduru  in Andhra Pradesh) . The mouth of the river forms the northern limit of   the  Coromandel Coast. The river is not navigable, but  its waters are used for irrigation in Maharastra , Karnatka ,Telangana and Andhra Pradesh . The source of the Krishna is sacred to Hindus.

Tributaries

Main tributary to Krishna is Tungbhadra River  and Ghatprabha

There are four rivrs that join the Krishna at a confluence known as Preeti Sangam or ‘lovers meeting point”   in the satara district these are Venna river, Urmodi river, Tarli river and Konya River

Dams

Important dams are Nagarjun  sagar dam ,Narayan pur Dam ,Prakasham barrage ,almatti dam ,dhom dam  and Srisailam dam

# Geography 

Quantitative Easing

Quantitative easing

Definition

An unconventional monetary  policy in which a central bank purchases government securities or other securities  from the market to in order to lower interest rates and increase the money supply. Quantitative easing  is a  monetary policy to increase money supply in the market when there is recession or condition when market is going down .Quantitative easing is considered when short term interest rates are approaching zero or at zero . quantitative easing does not involve printing of new Notes

Quantitative easing targets commercial banks and financial firms  to encourage lending .

Effect  :---

·                                     Very effective in financial slowdown

                                             Done for economic growth

·                                       But too fast quantitative easing can lead to inflation    

Africa Rising

Africa rising

Africa is second largest continent of the world .it is also a undiscovered continent . Africa is a land of large quantity of minerals and fossils fuels .Now a day Africa have 50 percent population below 30 years , so it is youngest continent.

Despite so much mineral and fossil fuel Africa is most backward continent of world ,due to certain policies of colonial countries and after independent  conflicts and violence in Africa is main reason of backwardness. Lack of research and lack of expose to world making them backward . lack of use of resources making Africa backward ,Africa have minerals and crude oil, hydro power  but  technically backward to exploit its vast natural resources.

But due to effort by  united nation peace keeping force there is stability in some countries .Now European countries are investing in Africa .India have also invested in Africa . Indian companies are investing in several countries . India have started skill development program in some countries . Countries receiving strong investment and business interest from India includes south Africa , Angola ,Nigeria due to their high growth market ,mineral rich reserves and crude oil reserves. The resource sector ,especially oil and coal are of particular interest for Indian investors . the pharmacy care are second sector of interest from a export prospective and potential market for medical tourism. Now time is coming when Africa will be a good destination for investment.

In this way Africa is rising 

     

#Economy

Anamudi

Anamudi

Anamudi  or Anai Mudi is the highest peak in western ghat and also in south India . it is located in state of kerala .its height is 2695 meters i.e. (8842ft) .

The name Anaimudi literally translate to “ elephants forehead ” ,a reference to the resemblance of mountain to an elephants head.

Right to Education

Right to education act 2009

Right to education act (RTE) is an act of parliament of India enacted on 4 August 2009 .  This act describes the  necessities and importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 to 14 years in the country under article 21 A of the Indian constitution   .Act came into force on 1 April 2010.

It was 86 th amendment in the constitution.

Join Hand and defeat Poverty

International day for the eradication of poverty (international)

17 October 2015

17 October every year we join hand for eradicating poverty.

What is primary cause of poverty ?

I think primary cause of poverty is unemployment, lack of capacity to make asset. If a person is able to make asset he can sell it or can use it by himself. Now why lack of skill ?

I think it is because who have skill do not want to share his skill because to make more profit so the main cause of poverty is profit making strategy and mentality. Rich people are becoming richer and poor are becoming poorer because rich people are sucking money from poor to make them richer. now a day school education is different for   rich and for poor ,failure of government machinery making poorer more poor .there are so many plans but poverty prevails in our society ,a normal boy or girl not get what he or she want because of poverty . The fact you cant deny that few have very much and a large portion of society have nothing except right to vote but due to mind washing they use this right in wrong way and no good things happen.

Now question arise that should we lose hope and say nothing will happen .

I think no .  we should fight for it .Those who have skill should give skill to young people so that next coming years when they work and work will eradicate their poverty. Those who are industrnalist should come forward to train people, and government machinery should be overhauled and officers should be sensitive toward humanity not their position and status in the society.

We the normal people can also eradicate poverty by helping some one to get some skill or idea ,if we able to help one person a year then we are successful in our mission.

Let  join our hands to  eradicate poverty  and live a dignified life

#Social Issue

Join Hands to eradicate HUNGER

World Food Day

October 16 2015

October 16  every year

World food day is a day of action against hunger .

In this developed world where there is fighting jets ,atom bomb and destructive  missiles are there , people is becoming advance every thing is fast and becoming more fast. But there are some people who have no food to eat ,they have no grater aim than to get food and fight hunger. So we have a day of action against hunger i.e. world food day on October 16 every year.

World food day is celebrated in honour of date of founding of FAO ( Food  and Agriculture Organisation )  of the united nation on 16 October 1945 .

One this day we should come together to declare strong commitment to eradicate hunger in our life time because when it comes to hunger ,the only acceptable number in world is zero.

Food and India

It is very unfortunate that some body have excess to eat and some have nothing to eat and those who have excess to eat do not want to give food to those who have nothing to eat . Now the gap between rich and poor is increasing poor is becoming  poorer and rich is becoming super rich. This fast world where every thing is fast, Smart phones  and luxury is prevailing in most of the houses but some have no food  to eat why this is so think.

Now it is our duty to take action and have food day to eradicate Hunger from this world.

So please

Never waste food,

Never spoil food

And  Never  overeat

Rich people waste food in their honour but it is nonsense not a honour because they are wasting those  food that is not for them but for poor. So don’t snatch others plate stuff.

Lets come and join hands to eradicate HUNGER

#Social Issue